This new ocean, p.98
This New Ocean, page 98
37 “Lutheran” and thought police: Reston, Galileo, p. 59.
38 Magini: Galileo, Dialogue on the Great World Systems, p. xii.
39 Donne: Galileo, Ibid., p. xxi.
40 The historian of science was Giorgio de Santillana, writing in the introduction of ibid., p. xxi.
41 Kepler and Mercury’s wand: Ibid., p. xiii.
42 Establishing the astronomy: Lear, Kepler’s Dream, pp. 106–07.
43 Somnium: Robert Lambourne, Michael Shallis, and Michael Shortland, Close Encounters? (Bristol, England: Adam Hilger, 1990), p. 3.
44 The Jesuits: Dialogue on the Great World Systems, p. xxxix.
45 Dialogue on …: Stephen F. Mason, A History of the Sciences (New York: Collier Books, 1962), p. 161.
46 Pope John Paul II: “Vatican Science Panel Told by Pope: Galileo Was Right,” The New York Times, November 1, 1992.
47 Telescope continues: The Ring of Truth, pp. 36, 40.
48 Moulton: A Treasury of Science, p. 66.
49 Wan Hu: Winter, “Who First Flew in a Rocket?” pp. 275–76.
50 Celebi: Ibid., p. 276.
51 “On Fire Balloons”: Ibid., pp. 276–77.
52 Law: Ibid., pp. 278–80.
53 Bacon: Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, pp. 53–55. His contemporary, Albertus Magnus, is also mentioned.
54 Bayly: von Braun and Ordway, History of Rocketry and Space Travel, p. 30.
55 “sanitizing” statement: Becklake and Millard, “Congreve and His Works,” p. 282.
56 Breakthroughs: Ibid., p. 282.
57 “above 2,000 rockets”: History of Rocketry and Space Travel, p. 31.
58 Locke’s series: French, The Moon Book, p. 41.
59 Life on the planets, rings, and moons: Dick, Celestial Scenery, p. 305.
60 The population of Mercury: Ibid., pp. 71–72.
61 Life in the Sun: Ibid., pp. 239–40.
62 Life on Mars: Ibid., pp. 137–39.
63 Schiaparelli and Lowell: Sheehan, Planets and Perception: Telescopic Views and Interpretations, 1609–1909, pp. 177–79; Hoyt, Lowell and Mars, pp. 80–83.
64 Fascinated: Ley and von Braun, The Exploration of Mars, p. 63.
65 Goddard and Lowell: Sagan, Cosmos, p. 111.
66 Verne, Nadar, and marriage: Costello, Jules Verne, pp. 69, 79–80.
67 Society for Aerial Locomotion and Five Weeks in a Balloon: Ibid., pp. 69, 75–76.
68 The five other space books: Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, pp. 39–40.
69 “Instead of yielding”: Ibid., p. 40.
70 “the first mechanics”: Verne, From the Earth to the Moon, p. 547.
71 “From the time of”: Ibid., p. 568.
72 “The travelers’ sleep”: Ibid., p. 700.
73 “It is clear”: Miller, The Annotated Jules Verne: From the Earth to the Moon, p. 21.
74 Poor translations: Ibid., p. x.
75 Not for children: Ibid.
76 Niagara and Miller: Ibid., p. 87.
77 Tsiolkovsky on Verne: Kosmodemyansky, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, p. 37.
78 Oberth on Verne: The Annotated Jules Verne, p. 115.
79 Goddard on Verne: Lehman, Robert H. Goddard, p. 28.
80 Hale through Graffigny: Ordway and Liebermann, Blueprint for Space, pp. 53–56.
81 Dime novels and trips to the Moon and Mars: Winter and Liebermann, “A Trip to the Moon,” p. 63.
82 Luna’s journey: Ibid., pp. 62–66.
83 Chronicle of early aviation: Kaempffert, The New Art of Flying, p. v.
2. Rocket Science
1 “no such thing as gravity.”: Kosmodemyansky, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, p. 9.
2 “It estranged me”: Riabchikov, Russians in Space, p. 92.
3 Brown bread: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, p. 11.
4 Yellow stains: Ibid., p. 13.
5 Fyodorov: Lytkin, Finney, and Alepko, “The Planets Are Occupied by Living Beings: Tsiolkovsky, Russian Cosmism and Extraterrestrial Civilizations,” pp. 2–3. Also see White, The Overview Effect, p. 96.
6 Tsiolkovsky’s monographs and atomic philosophy: “The Planets Are Occupied by Living Beings,” pp. 5, 13, 14.
7 “[T]he observed body”: Russians in Space, pp. 95–96.
8 Flying cask: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, pp. 15–16.
9 Metal dirigibles: Ibid., pp. 18–19.
10 “Bird-like (Aviation) Flying Machine”: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, p. 26; Russians in Space, p. 97.
11 The two novels: Russians in Space, pp. 97–98.
12 The query letter: Ibid., p. 99.
13 Communist utopia: Stites, “World Outlook and Inner Fears in Soviet Science Fiction”; Graham, Science and the Soviet Social Order, pp. 299–301.
14 Tsiolkovsky’s imagination: Russians in Space, pp. 94–95.
15 The 470-ruble grant: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, pp. 31–32.
16 Supplements and rewards: Baker, The Rocket, p. 21.
17 All-Union Program: Medvedev, Soviet Science, pp. 61–62.
18 Angels in orbit: Tsiolkovsky, Beyond the Planet Earth, p. 159.
19 Goddard’s maladies and self-education: Lehman, Robert H. Goddard, pp. 19, 28.
20 “No one would have believed”: Wells, The War of the Worlds, p. 11.
21 The letter to Wells: Robert H. Goddard, p. 23.
22 The rocket and its mission: Goddard, A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes, pp. 1, 3, 6.
23 “never return”: Ibid., p. 54.
24 Rocket to the Moon: Ibid., pp. 55–57.
25 Press release and headlines: Robert H. Goddard, pp. 108 and 104, respectively.
26 The Times’ story: “Believes Rocket Can Reach Moon,” The New York Times, January 12, 1920.
27 Bronx Exposition, Inc.: Goddard and Pendray, The Papers of Robert H. Goddard, Vol. I, pp. 408–09.
28 The damning editorial: Topics of the Times, The New York Times, January 13, 1920.
29 “Too much attention”: “Goddard Rockets to Take Pictures,” The New York Times, January 19, 1920.
30 “Well, Robert”: Robert H. Goddard, p. 108.
31 American public’s fancy: Ibid., pp. 110–11.
32 The three Russian students: The Papers of Robert H. Goddard, Vol. 2, p. 666.
33 Oberth’s childhood: von Braun and Ordway, Space Travel, A History, p. 56.
34 Liquid-propelled bombardment missile: Ibid., p. 57.
35 Oberth’s letter: Robert H. Goddard, p. 132.
36 Goddard and Oberth: Ibid., pp. 132–33.
37 The rejected dissertation: Oberth, “My Contributions to Astronautics,” in Durant and James, First Steps Toward Space, p. 136.
38 Oberth’s four main points: Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, p. 109.
39 “explained”: “My Contributions to Astronautics,” p. 136.
40 Details of Oberth’s book: Space Travel: A History, p. 57; Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, pp. 109–10.
41 “completely independently”: Space Travel: A History, p. 57. Goddard’s work on liquid rockets in 1920 is from his foreword to a reissue of A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes written in May 1945.
42 Goddard’s dismay: Robert H. Goddard, p. 133.
43 Letter to the secretary: The Papers of Robert H. Goddard, Vol. 1, pp. 497–98.
44 “possible to think.”: Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, p. 108.
45 Tsiolkovsky’s distribution: Winter, Prelude to the Space Age/The Rocket Societies: 1924–1940, p. 22.
46 “a theorist, not an engineer”: Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, p. 125.
47 Nebel’s failed rocket: Ibid., pp. 128–30; Space Travel: A History, p. 58.
48 Valier’s call to space: Robert H. Goddard, pp. 134–35.
49 Valier’s death: Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, pp. 135–36.
50 Opel and the rocket stunts: Neufeld, The Rocket and the Reich, pp. 7–8.
51 Goddard’s flight statistics: The Papers of Robert H. Goddard, Vol. 2, p. 580.
52 The second entry: Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 581.
53 “get the hell out of here!”: Robert H. Goddard, p. 143n.
54 Hohmann Transfer: Schulz, “Walter Hohmann’s Contributions Toward Space Flight: An Appreciation on the Occasion of the Centenary of His Birthday,” pp. 290–95; Damon, Introduction to Space, p. 40; Glasstone, Sourcebook on the Space Sciences, pp. 69–71.
55 Warning to Esnault-Pelterie: Blosset, “Robert Esnault-Pelterie: Space Pioneer,” in Durant and James, First Steps Toward Space, p. 10.
56 L’Astronautique: Ibid., pp. 11–12.
57 The word “astronautics”: Prelude to the Space Age/The Rocket Societies: 1924–1940, p. 25.
58 Oberth the winner: “Robert Esnault-Pelterie: Space Pioneer,” p. 11.
59 Sänger: Baker, The Rocket, p. 90; Ordway and Liebermann, Blueprint for Space, p. 65.
60 Mail rockets: Schmiedl, “Early Postal Rockets in Austria: A Memoir,” in Hall, History of Rocketry and Astronautics, pp. 109–12.
61 Potocnik: Blueprint for Space, p. 110; Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, pp. 369–71; Miller, “Herman Potocnik—Alias Hermann Noordung,” pp. 295–96.
62 The 1926 edition: Robert H. Goddard, p. 135.
63 Tikhomirov and his laboratory: Prelude to the Space Age, p. 55.
64 Tikhomirov and the crater: Baker, The Rocket, p. 77.
65 Exhibitions: Ibid.
66 GIRD branches: Merkulov, “Organization and Results of the Work of the First Scientific Centers for Rocket Technology in the USSR,” in Ordway, History of Rocketry and Astronautics, p. 74.
67 Rynin to Goddard: Goddard and Pendray, The Papers of Robert H. Goddard, Vol. 2, p. 585.
68 Perelman: Space Travel: A History, p. 61.
69 “On to Mars!” (and Mercury): Russians in Space, p. 106.
70 Tsander, Glushko, and Tikhonravov: Space Travel: A History, p. 62.
71 “She really flew”: Russians in Space, p. 113.
72 “rockets must conquer space!”: The Rocket, p. 80.
73 Model 212: Russians in Space, photo caption facing p. 64; Golovanov, Korolev, pp. 194–95.
74 RNII: Pobedonostsev, Shchetinkov, and Galkovsky, “A History of the Organization and Activity of the Jet Propulsion Research Institute (RNII), 1933–1944,” in Lattu, History of Rocketry and Astronautics, pp. 68–69. This paper, delivered at a history symposium at Baku in 1973, put the number of workers at 260. Frank H. Winter, an American space scholar, put it at about 1,000 and reported that Glushko himself claimed that LenGIRD alone had more than 400 employees by 1932 (Prelude to the Space Age, p. 63).
75 Tikhonravov at RNII: Yu. V. Biryukov, “The Role of Mikhail K. Tikonravov in the Development of Soviet Rocket and Space Technology,” in Lattu, History of Rocketry and Astronautics, p. 347.
76 The purge: Prelude to the Space Age, p. 63.
77 The purge of Keldysh: Medvedev, Let History Judge, p. 441.
78 Kapitsa on Beria: Author interview.
79 Beria and science: Interviews with Khozin, Kapitsa, and Khrushchev; Rhea, Roads to Space, p. 341; Bethe, Gottfried, and Sagdeev, “Did Bohr Share Nuclear Secrets?” pp. 88–89.
80 Testimony by Glushko and the charge: Author interview with Arthur M. Dula, July 13, 1996; Harford, Korolev, p. 49.
81 Tupolev and Korolyov: Harford, Korolev, p. 57.
82 “golden cage”: Author interview.
83 Korolyov in the gulag: Oberg, Red Star in Orbit, pp. 20–21.
84 Korolyov’s afflictions: Harford, Korolev, p. 51.
85 Korolyov’s cynicism: Vladimirov, The Russian Space Bluff, p. 146.
86 Meteorological rockets: Polyarny, “On Some Work Done in Rocket Techniques, 1931–38,” in First Steps Toward Space, p. 187.
87 Korolyov to Perelman: Prelude to the Space Age, p. 66.
88 Ley on the origin of the VfR: Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, p. 139.
89 Scrounging: Prelude to the Space Age, p. 41.
90 Welfare checks: Ibid.
91 Dark suits and the tuxedo: Rockets, Missiles, and Men in Space, fifth photo page after p. 174.
92 Marianoff: Prelude to the Space Age, p. 42.
93 von Braun joins the VfR: Ibid., p. 39.
94 First Mirak: Ibid., p. 40.
95 May 10, 1931, launch: Ibid., p. 43.
96 Riedel to Ley: Ordway and Sharpe, The Rocket Team, p. 15.
97 Flight of the Repulsor: Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel (1957), p. 148.
98 Who’s Who of rocketry: Ibid., p. 117.
99 Records, tests, and flights: Prelude to the Space Age, p. 43.
100 Powder blue uniforms: Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, p. 160.
101 British Interplanetary Society: Thompson and Shepherd, “The British Interplanetary Society: The First Fifty Years (1933–1983),” in Sloop, History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 12, pp. 37–55.
102 American Interplanetary Society: Prelude to the Space Age, p. 73.
103 Pendray’s VfR report: Pendray, “The German Interplanetary Society and the Raketenflugplatz.” pp. 5–12.
104 Lasser: “David Lasser, 94, a Space and a Social Visionary,” The New York Times, May 7, 1996.
105 Lasser on rocket war: “The Rocket and the Next War,” AIS Bulletin, No. 13, November 1931, p. 7.
106 First AIS Bulletin: Bulletin, No. 1, June 1930.
107 Pickering: “Presence of Lunar Life Debated,” AIS Bulletin, No. 12, September 1931, pp. 9–10.
108 Martian vegetation: Schachner, “Can Man Exist on Other Planets?” p. 9.
109 Esnault-Pelterie: “Two Thousand at Museum Meeting,” AIS Bulletin, No. 7, February 1931, pp. 1–5.
110 “lousy planet”: Prelude to the Space Age, p. 77.
111 Smith’s launch: Ordway, “Some Vignettes from an Early Rocketeer’s Diary: A Memoir,” in Sloop, History of Rocketry and Astronautics, pp. 70–71.
112 China Clipper: Gwynn-Jones, “Farther: The Quest for Distance,” in Greenwood, Milestones of Aviation, p. 69.
113 Gernsback: Ordway and Liebermann, Blueprint for Space, pp. 72, 76.
114 Things to Come: The film. Also see Ordway, “Space Fiction in Film,” in Emme, Science Fiction and Space Futures, pp. 32–33; Verne’s Paris in the Twentieth Century was published by Random House in 1996.
3. Gravity’s Archers
1 Oberth’s predictions: “War with Rockets Pictured by Oberth,” The New York Times, January 31, 1931.
2 Shirer’s description: Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, pp. 137–38.
3 Election results: Ibid., p. 138.
4 Seeckt’s doctrine: Wheeler-Bennett, The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics, 1918–1945, pp. 96–97.
5 Becker’s interest in rockets: Neufeld, The Rocket and the Reich, p. 16.
6 Attitude toward Nebel and secrecy: Ibid., pp. 18, 21.
7 Dornberger’s mandate: Ordway and Sharpe , The Rocket Team, p. 18.
8 “ ‘circus-type approach’ ”: Spaceflight, a documentary that was produced by KCET in Los Angeles and which aired on public television in May 1985 (Part 1).
9 Flight of the Repulsor: The Rocket and the Reich, pp. 19–20; The Rocket Team, pp. 18–19.
10 Nebel’s complaint: Ley, Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel, p. 199.
11 Riedel’s decision: Ibid., p. 21.
12 “vulgar”: Ibid., p. 22.
13 Milking the cow: Ibid.
14 Goebbels’s decree: Ibid., p. 28.
15 A-1: The Rocket, pp. 35–36.
16 Flight of the A-2s: The Rocket and the Reich, p. 38.
17 Von Braun’s dissertation and diploma: Ibid., p. 37.
18 Baroness von Braun’s suggestion: Ibid., p. 49.
19 The division of Peenemünde and pledges: Ibid., p. 50.
20 Becker’s warning: Ibid.
21 “How much do you want?”: The Rocket Team, p. 24; The Rocket and the Reich, p. 50.
22 “big time”: The Rocket and the Reich, p. 50.
23 More than $70 million: The Rocket Team, p. 31.
24 “arrow stability”: The Rocket and the Reich, p. 67.
25 Lindbergh and Guggenheim: Lehman, Robert H. Goddard, pp. 173–74.
26 The Carnegie grant: Durant, “Robert H. Goddard and the Smithsonian Institution,” First Steps Toward Space, p. 63.
27 Goddard meeting Lindbergh: The Papers of Robert H. Goddard, Vol. 2, pp. 723–24.
28 Equipment to New Mexico: Robert H. Goddard, p. 178.
29 Mescalero and “High Lonesome”: Ibid., pp. 179, 180–81.
30 Goddard’s patents: The Papers of Robert H. Goddard, Vol. 3, p. 1651.
31 Goddard to the admiral: Ibid., Vol. 1, pp. 442–43.
32 From the second monograph: Goddard, Liquid-Propellant Rocket Development, p. 2.
33 Goddard to Harry Guggenheim: The Papers of Robert H. Goddard, Vol. 2, p. 923.
34 Malina’s proposal and Millikan’s response: Malina, “On the GALCIT Rocket Research Project, 1936–38,” in First Steps Toward Space, pp. 114–15; von Karman with Lee Edson, The Wind and Beyond, p. 235.
35 The invasion of the Martians: Wilford, Mars Beckons, pp. 36–39; “Excerpts from the ‘War’ Broadcast,” The New York Times, November 1, 1938.
36 Newark to Pittsburgh: Mars Beckons, p. 41; “Radio Listeners in Panic, Taking War Drama as Fact,” The New York Times, October 31, 1938.
37 The press conference: The Battle over Citizen Kane, WGBH (Boston PBS), February 1996.
38 Parsons and Forman: The Wind and Beyond, p. 235; Koppes, JPL and the American Space Program, p. 3.
39 “Suicide Club”: The Wind and Beyond, p. 240.
40 Millikan to Goddard: The Papers of Robert H. Goddard, Vol. 2, p. 1012.
41 Parsons and Goddard: Ibid., Vol. 2, pp. 931–32, 938.
42 Malina on Goddard: “On the GALCIT Rocket Research Project, 1936–38,” p. 117.
43 Goddard to Millikan: The Papers of Robert H. Goddard, Vol. 2, pp. 1012–13.
44 Von Karman on Goddard: The Wind and Beyond, pp. 241–43.
45 How Goddard did not help the Germans: Neufeld, Rockets and the Reich, p. 53.
46 Goddard in the Bulletin: See, for example: “Goddard Describes New Stratosphere Plane,” Bulletin, No. 12, September 1931, and his letter to the editor in the June-July 1931 issue.
47 Lobbied for contracts: Robert H. Goddard, pp. 294–306.
48 “trench mortars”: The Papers of Robert H. Goddard, Vol. 3, p. 1311.
